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CSF analysis
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of laboratory tests that measure proteins, sugar (glucose), and other chemicals in the fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.
Alternative Names
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
How the Test is Performed
A sample of CSF is needed. A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, is the most common way to collect this sample. For information on this procedure, see lumbar puncture. Other methods for collecting CSF are rarely used, but may be recommended in some cases. See also:
- Cisternal puncture
- Removal of CSF from a tube that is already in the CSF, such as a shunt or ventricular drain
- Ventricular puncture
After the sample is taken, it is sent to the laboratory for evaluation.
How to Prepare for the Test
See: Lumbar puncture
How the Test Will Feel
See: Lumbar puncture
Why the Test is Performed
Analysis of CSF can help detect certain conditions and diseases. All of the following can be, but are not always, measured in a sample of CSF:
- Antibodies and DNA of common viruses
- Bacteria (including that which causes syphilis; see:VDRL test)
- Cell count
- Chloride
- Cryptococcal antigen
- Glucose
- Glutamine
- Lactate dehydrogenase
- Oligoclonal banding to look for specific proteins
- Total protein
- Whether there are cancerous cells present
Normal Results
- Antibodies and DNA of common viruses: None
- Bacteria: No bacteria grows in a lab culture
- Cancerous cells: No cancerous cells present
- Cell count: less than 5 white blood cells (all mononuclear) and 0 red blood cells
- Chloride: 110 to 125 mEq/L
- Fungus: None
- Glucose: 50 to 80 mg/dL(or greater than two-thirds of blood sugar level)
- Glutamine: 6 to 15 mg/dL
- Lactate dehydrogenase: less than 2.0 to 7.2 U/mL
- Oligoclonal bands: 0 or 1 bands that are not present in a matched serum sample
- Protein: 15 to 60 mg/dL
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.
Note: mg/dL = milligrams per deciliter
What Abnormal Results Mean
An abnormal CSF analysis result may be due to many different causes, including:
- Cancer
- Encephalitis (such as West Nile and Eastern Equine)
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Reye syndrome
- Meningitis due to bacteria, fungus, tuberculosis, or a virus
Risks
For information regarding risks of a spinal tap, see: Lumbar puncture
References
Griggs RC, Jozefowicz RF, Aminoff MJ. Approach to the patient with neurologic disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 418.
Rosenberg GA. Brain edema and disorders of cerebrospinal fluid circulation. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Bradley: Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier; 2008:chap 63.
Reviewed By: Kevin Sheth, MD, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine;David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
